Fusion genes and prostate cancer

Researchers have shown how a mutation found in half of all prostate cancers may lead to disease development and other cancers.

Up to half of all prostate cancer cells have a chromosomal rearrangement that results in a new ‘fusion’ gene and formation of its unique protein - but no one has known how that alteration promotes cancer growth. Now, Weill Cornell Medical College researchers have found that in these cancer cells, the 3D architecture of DNA, wrapped up in a little ball known as a chromatin, is warped in such a way that a switch has been thrown on thousands of genes, turning them on or off to promote abnormal, unchecked growth. Researchers also found that new chromosomal translocations form, further destabilising the genome.

These findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, are the first to show how this chromosomal mutation likely contributes to early development of prostate cancer - and suggests a model for how other chromosomal translocations, common to many tumour types, are linked to cancer formation and growth.

“This is likely a phenomenon that occurs in many types of cancers when oncogenic fusion genes are over-expressed,” says the study’s senior author, Dr Mark A Rubin, The Homer T Hirst Professor of Oncology in Pathology and vice chair for experimental pathology at Weill Cornell Medical College.

Dr Rubin adds that if such an oncogenic protein has the power to throw the switch on thousands of genes, a novel treatment may be able to turn that switch off. “If we understand how this works, then we may be able to borrow that trick to target many genes simultaneously. This discovery would hold a lot of promise for cancer therapy,” he says.

The study also adds to the growing understanding of how remodelling of the chromatin regulates genes linked to cancer. The genome’s DNA, along with specialised proteins, has to be packed into the chromatin bundle so that it can fit inside a cell’s nucleus, and when genes need to be expressed, the chromatin opens up a bit, allowing transcription. Emerging evidence suggests that within this package, the genome organises itself according to a non-randomly-assembled, 3D architecture of hubs and domains that affect when and where individual genes are turned on.

This study shows the oncogenic ERG protein, produced by the ETS prostate cancer fusion gene, binds to specific sites in the genome, which then forces the 3D genome architecture to vastly change, creating different hubs and domains. This results in additional chromosomal translocations, as well as a coordinated expression of genes known to be relevant to aggressive prostate cancer.

The research shows just how complex genetic regulation really is and how distortions in this process can lead to cancer.