Probiotics could slow age-related cognitive decline

US researchers have suggested that taking a probiotic could help prevent the decline in memory and thinking that can accompany aging. Their research, presented last month at NUTRITION 2023, could pave the way for new, non-invasive treatments that leverage the gut microbiome to mitigate cognitive decline in the aging population.

“Many studies focus on severe forms of cognitive diseases such as Alzheimer’s and dementia, but these conditions are more advanced, making them significantly harder to reverse or treat,” said Mashael Aljumaah, a doctoral candidate at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University. “In contrast, we focused on mild cognitive impairment, which can include problems with memory, language or judgement. Interventions at this stage of cognitive impairment could slow down or prevent the progression to more severe forms of dementia.”

The team’s study involved 169 participants between 52 and 75 years old who were divided into two groups, depending on whether they had no neurological issues or mild cognitive impairment. Within each group, participants either received the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) or a placebo in a double-blind, randomised clinical trial lasting three months. The researchers selected the LGG probiotic because prior research had shown its potential beneficial effects in animal models.

To investigate the study participants’ gut microbiomes, the researchers used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify and compare bacteria present in stool samples. They then used whole genome sequencing to gain insights into the functional roles of the bacteria identified. The analysis revealed that microbes in the genus Prevotella were present in a higher relative abundance in participants with mild cognitive impairment than those with no cognitive impairment, suggesting that gut microbiome composition could serve as an early indicator for mild cognitive impairment.

For study participants who had mild cognitive impairment and received the LGG probiotics, the Prevotella relative abundance decreased. This change coincided with improved cognitive scores, suggesting that cognitive health in older adults could be improved by manipulating the gut microbiota.

“The implication of this finding is quite exciting, as it means that modifying the gut microbiome through probiotics could potentially be a strategy to improve cognitive performance, particularly in individuals with mild cognitive impairment,” Aljumaah said. “This adds a new layer to our understanding of the microbiome brain–gut connection and opens up new avenues for combating cognitive decline associated with aging.

“If these findings are replicated in future studies, it suggests the feasibility of using gut microbiome-targeted strategies as a novel approach to support cognitive health.”

The researchers are now working to understand the specific mechanisms of how microbes like Prevotella influence the gut in a way that improves brain health. Specifically, they are exploring how certain molecules produced by these bacteria modulate the functionality of neuroprotective hormones that can cross the blood–brain barrier.

Image credit: iStock.com/Rockaa