A wee step forward

Physicists in Singapore have created the first paper battery that generates electricity from urine.

The new battery will be the perfect power source for cheap, disposable healthcare test-kits for diseases such as diabetes.

Scientists in research groups around the world are trying to design even smaller 'biochips' that can test for a variety of diseases at once, give instant results and, crucially, can be mass produced cheaply.

Until now, no one has been able to solve the problem of finding a power source as small and as cheap to fabricate as the detection technology itself.

Led by Dr Ki Bang Lee, a research team at Singapore's Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology has developed a paper battery that is small, cheap to fabricate and which ingeniously uses the bio-fluid being tested (eg, urine) as the power source for the device doing the testing.

The chemical composition of urine is widely used as a way of testing for tell-tale signs of various diseases and also as an indicator of a person's general state of health. The concentration of glucose in urine is a useful diagnostic tool for diabetics.

The lead researcher, Dr Lee, sees a world where people will be able to monitor their health at home using disposable test-kits that don't need lithium batteries or external power sources.

Dr Lee said:

"We are striving to develop cheap, disposable credit card-sized biochips for disease detection. Our battery can be easily integrated into such devices, supplying electricity on contact with biofluids such as urine."

The battery unit is made from a layer of paper that is steeped in copper chloride and sandwiched between strips of magnesium and copper. This 'sandwich' is then held in place by being laminated, which involves passing the battery unit between a pair of transparent plastic films through a heating roller at 120°C.

The final product has dimensions of 60 x 30 mm, and a thickness of 1 mm (a little bit smaller than a credit card).

Using 0.2 mL of urine, they generated a voltage of around 1.5 with a corresponding maximum power of 1.5 mW. They also found that the battery performances (such as voltage, power or duration) may be designed or adjusted by changing the geometry or materials used.

"Our urine-activated battery would be integrated into biochip systems for healthcare diagnostic applications," says Lee.